It’s in the Database

Managed Health Systems of Indiana patient health information, July-September, 2019; Microsoft customer service and support records, January 22, 2020; Wyze email addresses, December 30, 2019; Georgia Tech student data, March 2019.

What do all of these breaches have in common? The data that was stolen was inside a database.

Yet when most companies think about data security, they still focus on securing the network, and spend very little time and energy making sure the databases—where the data actually lives—are safe.

When was the last time you had a network security assessment done? If yours is like most companies, it was pretty recently… and that’s good.

But when was the last time you had a database security assessment done? If yours is like many companies, the answer is “Never.”

Even if your network security posture is robust, it is only a matter of time before your network is breached. And don’t forget about “insider threats,” both malicious and accidental. It is best to add another layer of protection between the bad actors and your data.

Make sure that when cybercriminals do get past your network protections, your database will keep them out.

Download our Database Security Roadmap get valuable insights into create an in-depth defensive posture to protect your data.

Database Patch News — February 2020 (Issue 2)

Database Patch News — February 2020 (Issue 2)

Welcome to Database Patch News, Buda Consulting’s monthly newsletter of current patch information for Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. Here you’ll find information on available patches—including security patches—and desupported versions made available during the past month.

Why should you care about patching vulnerabilities and bugs? Two big reasons:

  1. Unpatched systems are a top cyber attack target. Patch releases literally advertise vulnerabilities to the hacker community. The longer you wait to patch, the greater your security risk.
  2. Along with running a supported database version, applying the latest patches ensures that you can get support from the vendor in case of an issue. Patching also helps eliminate downtime and lost productivity associated with bugs. 

Here are the latest patch updates for Oracle and SQL Server:Oracle Patches:

19c
DATABASE RELEASE UPDATE 18.9.0.0.0.200114
OJVM RELEASE UPDATE 18.9.0.0.0.200114

18c
DATABASE RELEASE UPDATE 19.6.0.0.0.200114
OJVM RELEASE UPDATE 19.6.0.0.0.200114 

12cR2
DATABASE RELEASE UPDATE 12.2.0.1.200114
OJVM RELEASE UPDATE 12.2.0.1.200114
Regular support ends Mar 2023 and extended support ends Mar 2026

12cR1
DATABASE PATCH SET UPDATE 12.1.0.2.200114
(Extended Support Contract Required)

OJVM PATCH SET UPDATE 12.1.0.2.200114
(Extended Support Contract Required)

The last freely available patch was July 2019 for 12.1.0.2. The Oct 15 2019 Patch Set Update (PSU) is available but may require an extended support purchase to access it. Patches will be released until July 2021 for this version. PSU 12.1.0.2.191015 is available.

11gR4
DATABASE PATCH SET UPDATE 11.2.0.4.200114
(Extended Support Contract Required)
OJVM PATCH SET UPDATE 11.2.0.4.200114
(Extended Support Contract Required)

The last freely available patch was October 2018 for 11.2.0.4. PSU 11.2.0.4.191015 is available but may require clients to purchase extended support to access it.

Oracle Engineered Systems
Oracle Exadata System Software for 18.1.24, 19.2.10 & 19.3.4
Oracle Exadata QFSDP for Jan 2020
Oracle SuperCluster QFSDP for Jan 2020

SQL Server Patches:
SQL Server 2019 – Cumulative Update 1 released on 01/07/2019

SQL Server 2017 – Cumulative Update 18 released on 12/09/2019
SQL Server 2016 Service Pack 2 – Cumulative Update 11 released on 12/09/2019
SQL Server 2016 Service Pack 1 – Cumulative Update 15 released on 07/09/2019
SQL Server 2014 Service Pack 3 – Cumulative Update 4 released on 07/29/2019
SQL Server 2014 Service Pack 2 – Cumulative Update 18 released on 07/29/2019

 

Cloud Customers Need to Secure Their Own Data

In response to the recent Capital One data breach, where a hacker exploited a misconfigured open-source Web Application Firewall hosted within Amazon Web Services (AWS), the Amazon CTO reminded customers that they must secure their own data when housed on AWS infrastructure.

This seems obvious, but it is a very important point.

When you move your data into AWS or any cloud provider, because it is not in our your data centers, and because you often no longer employ full-time people to manage the server hardware and software that house that data, you might get the feeling that someone else is managing our data just as carefully as our own staff once did.

That may be true for some dimensions of data management. For example, the cloud provider is responsible for making sure that the hardware stays up and running. Likewise, when you use software as a service (SaaS) or platform as a service (PaaS), the service provider is responsible for making sure that the application software and/or operating system stays up and running. In the case of infrastructure as a service (IaaS) offerings, the customer is still responsible for the latter two functions.

But in all the above cases, the customer is ultimately responsible for the security of their own data. The AWS security documentation describes it this way:

    • Security of the cloud – AWS is responsible for protecting the infrastructure that runs AWS services in the AWS Cloud. AWS also provides you with services that you can use securely. Third-party auditors regularly test and verify the effectiveness of our security as part of the AWS Compliance Programs. To learn about the compliance programs that apply to Amazon EC2, see AWS Services in Scope by Compliance Program.
    • Security in the cloud – Your responsibility is determined by the AWS service that you use. You are also responsible for other factors including the sensitivity of your data, your company’s requirements, and applicable laws and regulations.

The key takeaway is that if you have your data in any cloud service, you must be as rigorous in securing that data as if it were in your own data center—and in some cases even more so.

Following are some key things to think about when moving your data into the cloud. These are the same considerations you need to focus on when keeping your data in-house. Some of these concerns only apply to IaaS in the cloud, while others are relevant to all cloud service scenarios.

    • Is the underlying storage configured properly so that only the database software, application software and authorized users can access it?
    • Is the data encrypted both at rest and in transit?
    • Is proper authentication in place for the application or database, to ensure that only proper users can gain access to the system?
    • Is proper authorization in place for the application or database, such that data is exposed only to the proper users?
    • Is the network configured properly to reduce the surface area vulnerable to attack?

These considerations are not new. In fact, our Database Security Roadmap, initially created primarily with on-premises systems in mind, is still completely relevant with cloud technology.

Download the roadmap to make sure you have all the bases covered.

 

Communication Breakdown: Avoiding Conflict with Your Customers

When working with customers, we face many situations that might result in conflict. This is bad for obvious reasons. As service providers, conflict keeps us from providing outstanding value to our customers. It hurts our relationship and reduces the chance that they will continue to use our services.

Customers are at different technical levels and have different “personal styles.” Some are very technical and want to be part of designing the solution. Others won’t want to know any details and just want something that works at the end. Until we get to know the customer well, the potential for conflict is higher for reasons like these.

I have certainly not mastered the art of avoiding all conflict with every customer. But I continue to strive to improve. This post describes two kinds of situations where conflict is likely to occur if we don’t handle things well, along with some thoughts about how to avoid conflict in these and other instances.

The customer is always right!

Of course, we know that the customer is not literally always right. We also know (or had better know) that we are not always right, either.

But even though the customer is not always right, we must always respect them as if they are right. Why? Because it is the right way to treat people, and because they pay us. They are the reason we are in business.

We have all had times when a customer wanted us to do something that we felt was not in their best interest, was not efficient, or was just plain wrong.

So how do we handle it when we think our client is wrong? Below are some basic “rules of conduct” for reaching agreement. It’s good practice to follow these in order. Hopefully this will lead to building great relationships with our clients and avoiding conflicts.

    1. Listen completely to what the customers says, so we fully understand what they mean. This means not interrupting them before they have finished their thought. This takes patience. Often, if we let them talk through an issue long enough, they will come to the same conclusion we would have, and we have just avoided a conflict. Likewise, we may come to understand their position better and we will agree with them; and again, we have avoided a conflict.
    2. If after careful listening there is still not agreement, asking questions may help both parties see aspects of the issue that the other does not see. Try to use probing questions, not leading questions. Our frame of mind should be “How can they convince me that they are right?” Not “How can I convince them that I am right?” In other words, assume they are right, and help them prove it. I am not suggesting that you disregard your knowledge and expertise. But it’s important to acknowledge that you don’t know everything your customer knows. Challenge their position rigorously, but with an open mind.
    3. If there is still not agreement after they have expressed their entire thought and you have asked your questions and listened to the answers, try offering alternative approaches that may meet their objectives, but with methods that you think are more effective.
    4. If you and your customer still don’t agree after all that, then respectfully suggest that you table the issue and follow up via email with additional thoughts (in the same spirit of understanding that was described above).

If, after all your effort, you still think that what the customer is asking you to do is either not in their best interest or is ethically or legally wrong, then you may have to respectfully decline to provide the service they are asking for. I have done this and it’s not the end of the world.

Notice that nowhere did I recommend arguing with the client. Why? Because we never argue with the client. That is disrespectful. Oh, and they pay us.

This approach requires patience—but it’s worth it. Great communications allows us to add more value. Also they pay us, so they deserve it.

This approach might require that we answer the same question ten times. But that is also worth it, because great communications allows us to add more value, and because the client pays us.

This approach might also require that we ask the same question ten times or explain the same thing ten times. But it is worth it. Why? Because great communications allows us to add more value, and because they pay us.

The cranky customer

Right or wrong, the customer might get cranky with us from time to time. But it is worth it to endure this calmly and politely, because they pay us.

This does not mean accepting abuse. If a client is truly abusive, fire them. I’ve done that, and it’s not the end of the world. Service providers deserve and demand the same respect that they give to their customers.

But it does mean that we may have to accept expressions of frustration and even anger at times. When this happens, it is almost always due to problems with communication. And it is up to us to fix the communication problems. Why? Because they pay us.

Here are some simple steps to avoiding communication problems that lead to cranky customers:

    1. Over-communication: When giving an explanation, provide a littlemore information than you think is necessary, as long as that information is useful. If a customer tells you that you should provide less detail, then do so in future communications. It is better to be told you provide too much information than too little.
    2. Frequent communication: During the course of a project, particularly when a deliverable is expected soon, provide short, frequent status updates. The frequency depends on the length and urgency of the project. If the deliverable is due in one week and is urgent, then a daily email with a quick status can put a customer’s mind at ease. If it is a six-month project with ongoing deliverables, then a weekly recap may be enough.
    3. Set expectations with a communication rhythm: if you are in the middle of ongoing work with frequent deliverables, let the customer know that you will check Slack or email twice a day; for example, at 12 and 5. That way they won’t be disappointed or anxious if you don’t respond immediately to their 9:15 email asking for a status update. If you are on a longer-term project, let them know what days of the week you will provide status updates.
    4. Communicate problems or concerns immediately: If your project falls behind schedule, or runs into problems that are beyond your control, inform your customer immediately. This can be a difficult conversation to have, but the sooner they know about a blocking issue, the easier and less expensive it is to resolve it. And the moment you have the conversation, you will feel better!
    5. Be responsive: If your client asks you for something, either respond promptly with the answer, or acknowledge their request as soon as you see it and tell them when you will be able to get to it.

Here is the takeaway: the root of most conflict is misunderstanding, and the root of most misunderstanding is poor communication. As service providers, proper communications are our responsibility. It is part of our job.

We can build all the environments, databases and applications in the world. But if we don’t communicate well with our customers then we have not added the value that we should have.

To get maximum value from your Oracle database investments and clear communications from your service provider, contact Buda Consulting.

Lock the Safe—Secure the Database

You are going away on a much-needed vacation to Aruba. You will only be gone for a week. But you understand the importance of security, so you make sure you lock the windows and doors. You put the lights on a timer so would-be thieves think there is some activity in the house. You cancel the newspaper so they won’t be piling up outside and you ask your neighbor to watch the house in case he sees anything unusual.

Before you leave, you go to the bedroom where you keep the safe. All of your important papers are in there, and that watch that Dad left you, and your wife’s favorite earrings. Oh, and that brooch from Grandma. Not really your wife’s style but she would never part with it because Grandma was her favorite.

The Complacency

You grab some cash and the passports out of the safe, and you start to lock it up… But whenever you close it up, it is always such a pain to remember the combination, and you have to turn that knob so many times before you get it right. Besides, you locked all the doors and windows, and you have your neighbor watching the house. The perimeter is secure. So is there really any need to lock the safe?

The Dog

You have made arrangements for your nephew Tommy to walk your yellow lab Miles while you are gone. Tommy is such a fine young man and always willing to help.

The Double Trouble

Tommy hits a double down the first base line the day after you leave and breaks his ankle sliding into second. Tommy asks his friend Joey to walk Miles for him, because it’s hard to walk a dog on crutches.

He hasn’t mentioned it to Tommy, but Joey has been losing at the poker table lately. He borrowed a couple of thousand from that guy Rocco down the street, and took it to the tables thinking his luck would turn around. But now he’s just deeper in debt, and he doesn’t know how he will ever pay back that much money.

The Loss

When Joey opens your front door with Tommy’s key, he walks in and sees the beautiful furnishings in your home.  He walks upstairs and peeks in the bedroom. He sees the safe, walks over and tries the handle. He thinks “How lucky am I?” as the door swings open. Seeing all of the cash that you left in the safe, Joey thinks, “If this money was really important to them, they would have locked the safe.” After grabbing the cash, the brooch and the watch catch his eye and he can’t help himself. He grabs it all and closes the safe, not worrying for the moment what happens when you get home. At least he can get Rocco off his back.

The Lesson

Of course, you would never really do this!  You would be crazy to leave valuables in an open safe just because you locked your windows and doors. You know that securing the perimeter is not good enough. Right?

But this is exactly what many IT groups are doing every day. They spend lots of time and money securing their network’s perimeter. But they neglect the security of the safe holding all of their jewels—the database.

By strongly securing the database (locking the safe), you can protect your data assets from bad actors who get through the perimeter security. This may be hackers who break things for fun, criminals intent on gathering data they can sell or exploit, or disgruntled employees who didn’t even have to break through the perimeter in the first place.

The Action Plan

Don’t leave your safe open!  Your database has many vulnerabilities just waiting for a guy like Joey to find. Have a thorough security assessment performed today, take action, and make sure Joey goes home empty-handed.

GDPR Right to Be Forgotten and Other Access Rights

GDPR is complex, and this post deals with only a small part of the law. GDPR is comprised of 99 Articles, of which three (Articles 15, 16 and 17) deal primarily with a consumer’s right to “be forgotten.” This includes the right to access the data that your business keeps about them (Article 15), the right to have incorrect information about them fixed (Article 16) and the right to delete information that your business has collected about them (Article 17).

A summary of the requirements of these GDPR Articles appears at the end of the post. However, the purpose of this article is not to explain these requirements, but rather to suggest approaches that your technology team can take to facilitate compliance with them.

Technical approaches to facilitate compliance

To ease compliance with Article 15, 16, and 17 of GDPR, and to support compliance with other GDPR Articles, we recommend the following steps with regard to handling of personal data. This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of everything you need to do to comply with GDPR. Instead, we see these as best practices to make compliance easier to achieve and more likely to be adhered to. Many of these steps are important for general data security as well—so even if you are not subject to GDPR these are good practices to follow.

  1. Keep an up-to-date data dictionary (metadata) that clearly identifies the location and meaning of all data elements that contain personal data (see definition below). From a GDPR perspective, it will be helpful to keep the following information in this dictionary. This will help when creating your privacy policy.
    • Name of the data element (column name)
    • Where the data element is stored (database name, table name)
    • The meaning of the data element
    • What the data element is used for in the system (i.e., the business reason for needing it)
    • How the data element is collected (what screen or input file)
    • The Personal Data Category from the GDPR regulation (see Article 15 below)
  2. This data dictionary must be updated each time the database is modified to add or remove data elements, or to change the meaning or use of an existing data element (which is not a good practice, but that is a topic for another blog)
  3. Create a set of data entry screens that customer service staff can use to easily perform the actions required under these GDPR articles. These screens can call stored procedures (recommended) or other code that does the work of gathering or modifying the information, and keeping a record of it when appropriate. Using a data entry screen rather than the command line allows a customer service representative to perform these actions rather than relying on manual steps by a developer or DBA. Note that all requests of this type should be validated by sending an email back to the recipient and waiting for confirmation before complying. These screens would call the following:

To support Article 15 — Access

Stored procedures to query all data for an individual, in order to comply with requests from an individual for the data you have about them. By providing this data in a machine-readable format, this can also support compliance with GDPR Article 20 (data portability).

To Support Article 16 — Rectification

One or more stored procedures to query a given user and to modify any personal data that an individual might request.

To Support Article 17 — Erasure

A stored procedure that will cleanly remove all personal data for an individual, as well as related data if the removal of personal data renders any remaining data for an individual useless. If you are using a relational database that has the capability, we recommend creating cascading delete constraints or triggers so removal of related data is simple, safe, and automatic. It is important not to log the removal of any personal data if the log would contain any of the data that was removed.

Depending on your business requirements, there is an alternate technical approach that can help you comply with the Article 17. GDPR requires that data be removed upon request, but that only applies after any legal obligation that your company has to keep the data. For example, if you have to keep contracts for seven years for tax purposes, then you do not have to comply with a request for erasure until that period passes. So an alternative approach to complying with Article 17 would be to write maintenance software that automatically removes all personal information from your system after legal obligations no longer require it. This removes some historical reporting capability, so it may not be appropriate for your business.

Details about the referenced GDPR Articles

The following information about the GDPR right to be forgotten and other rights mentioned above is taken directly from the GDPR recitals as published here: https://gdpr.eu/. In some cases I changed the structure to make it a bit easier to understand the rules.

Pertinent Definitions

  • Personal data means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (“data subject”). An identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly; in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or mor factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.
  • Processing means any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organization, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.
  • Controller means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law.
  • Processor means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
  • Recipient means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body, to which the personal data are disclosed, whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the processing.

Article 15: Right of Access By The Data Subject

The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller confirmation as to whether or not personal data concerning him or her are being processed, and, where that is the case, access to the personal data and the following information:

  • the purposes of the processing;
  • the categories of personal data concerned;
  • the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular recipients in third countries or international organizations;
  • where possible, the envisaged period for which the personal data will be stored, or, if not possible, the criteria used to determine that period;
  • the existence of the right to request from the controller rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing of personal data concerning the data subject or to object to such processing;
  • the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority;
  • where the personal data are not collected from the data subject, any available information as to their source;
  • the existence of automated decision-making, including profiling, referred to in Article 22(1) and (4) and, at least in those cases, meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the significance and the envisaged consequences of such processing for the data subject.
  • Where personal data are transferred to a third country or to an international organization, the data subject shall have the right to be informed of the appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46relating to the transfer.
  • The controller shall provide a copy of the personal data undergoing processing. For any further copies requested by the data subject, the controller may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs.
  • Where the data subject makes the request by electronic means, and unless otherwise requested by the data subject, the information shall be provided in a commonly used electronic form.
  • The right to obtain a copy referred to in paragraph 3 shall not adversely affect the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 16: Right to Rectification

The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller without undue delay the rectification of inaccurate personal data concerning him or her. Taking into account the purposes of the processing, the data subject shall have the right to have incomplete personal data completed, including by means of providing a supplementary statement.

Article 17: Right to Erasure (right to be forgotten)

When does the right to be forgotten apply?

  • where the personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are collected or otherwise processed
  • where a data subject has withdrawn his or her consent or objects to the processing of personal data concerning him or her
  • where the processing of his or her personal data does not otherwise comply with this Regulation
  • That right is relevant in particular where the data subject has given his or her consent as a child and is not fully aware of the risks involved by the processing, and later wants to remove such personal data, especially on the internet. The data subject should be able to exercise that right notwithstanding the fact that he or she is no longer a child.

Exceptions:

  • The further retention of the personal data should be lawful where it is necessary, for exercising the right of freedom of expression and information
  • for compliance with a legal obligation
  • for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller
  • on the grounds of public interest in the area of public health
  • for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes
  • or for the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims.

And further:

  • the right to erasure should also be extended in such a way that a controller who has made the personal data public should be obliged to inform the controllers which are processing such personal data to erase any links to, or copies or replications of those personal data. In doing so, that controller should take reasonable steps, taking into account available technology and the means available to the controller, including technical measures, to inform the controllers which are processing the personal data of the data subject’s request.

Disclaimers

This post is based on my reading of GDPR and technical approaches that I feel will facilitate compliance as I understand it.

This is not intended to be a comprehensive discussion or instructions for complying with GDPR.

After taking all technical steps you feel are necessary to comply, you should consult an attorney to determine if the steps you have taken are sufficient for compliance.

For expert help bringing your database environment into compliance with GDPR, CCPA or other emerging privacy legislation, contact Buda Consulting.